Tag Archives: Functional programming

Knowing Monads Through The Category Theory

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https://dev.to/juaneto/knowing-monads-through-the-category-theory-1mea

While Mathematicians like to talk non-sensical abstract idea, Informaticians want to know how to apply the idea concretely:

Mathematical Parlance:

Monad = Monoid +Endofunctor

Monoid = Identity + Associative

Endo-functor = functor between 2 same categories

IT Parlance:

Monad is a ‘function’ to wrap the ‘side effects’ (exception errors, I/O,… ) so that function composition in ‘pipeline‘ chained operation sequence is still possible in pure FP (Functional Programming, which forbids side-effects).

Some common Monads: ‘Maybe’, ‘List’, ‘Reader’…
This allows monads to simplify a wide range of problems, like handling potential undefined values (with the Maybe monad), or keeping values within a flexible, well-formed list (using the List monad). With a monad, a programmer can turn a complicated sequence of functions into a succinct pipeline that abstracts away additional data management, control flow, or side-effects.[2][3]

Exploring Monads in Scala Collections

https://blog.redelastic.com/a-guide-to-scala-collections-exploring-monads-in-scala-collections-ef810ef3aec3

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Alejandro Serrano: Category Theory Through Functional Programming

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(Part 1/3) – λC 2017

What is Category ?

Objects

Morphism (Arrows )

Rule1: Associative

Rule 2: Identity

A <– C –> B

Product of Categories : A x B

Unique

Sum of Categories: A + B

Unique

(Either a b)

Co-Product

Reverse all arrows.

Unique

Functor F: C-> D

Mapping of all objects (A, B) in categories C,D

Mapping of arrows f
f : A -> B
Ff : FA -> FB (preservation)
F Id = Id
F (f。g) = Ff。Fg

Example:

Constant C -> F
FC = k
Ff = Id

Arrow Functor F: C -> D

For any object A in C,

F A = D -> A
(Functional Type is also Type)

Functors compose !

Category of categories:

Objects: categories

Arrows : Functors

Haskell Category (Hask) is always Endo-Functor, ie Category Hask to itself.

Mapping of arrows.

Mapping of Objects = predefined

(Part 2/3) – λC 2017

(part 3/3) – λC 2017

Higher Order Function

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[Source] https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-mathematical-explanations-for-higher-order-functions-Functional-programming/answer/Bartosz-Milewski?share=d265e0ac&srid=ZyHj

As Tikhon Jelvis explained in his response, functions map sets to sets, and functions themselves form sets. This is the essence of the untyped lambda calculus. Unfortunately, untyped lambda calculus suffers from the Kleene–Rosser paradox (later simplified to Curry’s paradox).

This paradox can be removed by introducing types, as in the typed lambda calculus. Simple types are equivalent to sets, but  in order to pass a function as an argument to another function (or return one), we have to give this function a type. To really understand what a function type is, you need to look into category theory.

The categorical model for the typed lambda calculus is a category in which objects are types and morphism are functions. So if you want to have higher order functions, you have to be able to represent morphisms as objects — in other words, create a type for functions. This is possible only if the category is cartesian closed. In such a category you can define product types and exponential types. The latter correspond to function types.

So that’s a mathematical explanation for higher order.